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Longevity Library · Lab reference

Written by Daniel Tagge, MD
Updated October 7, 2026
Reviewed October 10, 2026
26 sources · Measured in mg/dL

System: Metabolism & Metabolomics

Fasting glucoseFasting plasma glucose · FPG · Fasting blood sugar

A fasting glucose below 100 mg/dL is normal by the diagnostic cutoff, but in cohorts that followed healthy adults for a decade or more, the risk of later diabetes began rising from about 87 mg/dL and was about twice as high at 95 to 99 as below 85, while all-cause mortality was lowest at about 80 to 94 and rose again below about 70 to 80.

Fasting glucose is the diagnostic test for diabetes, and the cutoffs it carries (100 and 126 mg/dL) are agreed by guideline. Inside the normal range the number still carries information: large cohorts place the lowest risk of later diabetes in the low 80s and below, and the lowest mortality in the 80s and low 90s. It is also a late marker, moving years after insulin has.

01 · The scale

Where the laboratory range and the evidence sit.

Risk of later diabetes rose continuously through the normal range, from about 87 mg/dL upward in young men and roughly doubling at 95 to 99 versus below 85 in a large US cohort. All-cause mortality was lowest at about 80 to 94 and vascular risk was flat between about 70 and 100; below 70 to 80, mortality rose again in several cohorts.

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  1. Common laboratory reference range

    70 to 99 mg/dL · ADA 2026; typical US laboratories

  2. Higher mortality and stroke risk below 70 in cohorts

    50 to 69 mg/dL · Wei 2000; Park 2013

  3. Lowest later-diabetes risk: below about 85 to 87

    70 to 86 mg/dL · Tirosh 2005; Nichols 2008

  4. Lowest all-cause mortality in 12.5 million adults

    80 to 94 mg/dL · Yi 2017

  5. Diabetes risk rising; mortality still near its lowest

    87 to 94 mg/dL · Tirosh 2005; Nichols 2008; Yi 2017

  6. High-normal: about twice the diabetes risk and 1.5 times the cardiovascular risk of the low-normal range

    95 to 99 mg/dL · Nichols 2008; Shaye 2012

  7. Impaired fasting glucose: higher mortality in pooled cohorts

    100 to 125 mg/dL · ADA 2026; Seshasai 2011; Yi 2017

  8. Diabetes range, confirmed on repeat testing

    126 and above mg/dL · ADA 2026

  • Laboratory range
  • Evidence supports
  • Guideline goal or unstudied
  • Higher risk in studies
Scale in mg/dL. To convert to mmol/L, divide by 18. Bands show where studies found something, not a recommendation for any one person.

02 · What it is

What Fasting glucose measures.

Fasting plasma glucose is the concentration of sugar in the blood after at least 8 hours without calories. It is held in a narrow band by insulin from the pancreas and by the liver's release of stored glucose overnight. Diabetes is diagnosed by demonstrating increased glucose in venous plasma or an increased hemoglobin A1c, and the fasting value is the single most used test.1,2Grade A

Glucose is a late marker. In the Whitehall II cohort of 6,538 British civil servants followed for a median of 9.7 years, people who went on to develop diabetes showed a steep fall in insulin sensitivity during the 5 years before diagnosis and a steep rise in fasting glucose only in the final 3 years, from about 104 mg/dL (5.79 mmol/L) to 133 (7.40). In a separate study of 515 normoglycemic Israeli adults, a fasting insulin in the top fifth was the strongest predictor of dysglycemia 24 years later, independent of weight, blood pressure and triglycerides.3,4Grade B

In 153 healthy, nonobese people aged 7 to 80 wearing a continuous glucose monitor for up to 10 days, mean glucose across the day was 98 to 99 mg/dL under age 60 and 104 above it, with a median of 96 percent of the time spent between 70 and 140 and about 1 percent of the time below 70. A fasting draw samples one point on that curve.5Grade C

03 · The laboratory range

What a laboratory calls normal.

About 70 to 99 mg/dL, with 100 to 125 flagged as impaired fasting glucose and 126 or higher as the diabetes range.

Unlike most reference ranges, the fasting glucose cutoffs are diagnostic thresholds set by consensus, not a statistical interval from a laboratory's own population. The American Diabetes Association defines diabetes by a fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher, with fasting meaning no caloric intake for at least 8 hours, and impaired fasting glucose as 100 to 125 mg/dL. In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal results, from different tests or the same test on two occasions.1Grade A

The lower limit a laboratory prints, usually about 65 or 70 mg/dL, is a population interval rather than a diagnostic rule. The Endocrine Society recommends evaluating hypoglycemia only when Whipple's triad is documented: symptoms consistent with low glucose, a low measured plasma glucose at the time, and relief when the glucose is raised. A low number on a routine fasting draw in a person without symptoms does not meet that standard.6Grade A

04 · The evidence

What the studies support.

In 13,163 Israeli army men aged 26 to 45 with a fasting glucose below 100 mg/dL, followed for 74,309 person-years, the risk of type 2 diabetes rose progressively from a fasting glucose of 87 mg/dL upward compared with the bottom fifth (below 81), after adjusting for age, family history, body mass index, activity, smoking and triglycerides. Men with a glucose of 91 to 99 and triglycerides of 150 or more had 8.2 times the risk of men with a glucose below 86 and lower triglycerides. An association in a cohort of young men, not a trial.7Grade B

In 46,578 Kaiser Permanente members with a fasting glucose below 100 mg/dL and no prior diabetes, followed for a mean of 81 months, each additional milligram per deciliter raised the adjusted risk of a diabetes diagnosis by 6 percent. Compared with people below 85, those at 90 to 94 were 49 percent more likely and those at 95 to 99 were 2.3 times as likely to develop diabetes, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure, lipids and smoking. Fewer than 1 percent per year progressed overall, so the absolute risk at any normal value stayed low.8Grade B

Cardiovascular risk also tracks the normal range. In 10,913 adults screened at an Israeli preventive-medicine institute and followed for a mean of 4.3 years, a fasting glucose of 95 to 99 mg/dL carried 1.5 times the cardiovascular event rate of a value below 80, and the gradient persisted after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, body mass index, smoking and lipids. In 1,973 healthy Norwegian men followed for 22 years, those in the top quartile of fasting whole-blood glucose (above 85 mg/dL, which corresponds to a plasma value of about 94 because plasma reads about 11 percent higher) had 1.4 times the cardiovascular mortality of the lower three quartiles after adjustment; non-cardiovascular deaths were unrelated to glucose.9,10,2Grade B

Pooled across 102 prospective studies and 698,782 people without prior vascular disease, fasting glucose was non-linearly related to vascular risk, with no significant association between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.90 to 5.59 mmol/L). Relative to that span, coronary risk was 1.11 times higher at 101 to 110 (5.60 to 6.09 mmol/L) and 1.17 times at 110 to 126 (6.10 to 6.99), and adding fasting glucose to conventional risk factors did not meaningfully improve prediction in people without diabetes. In the same collaboration's analysis of 820,900 people and 123,205 deaths, fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL was associated with death, while values of 70 to 100 were not.11,12Grade A

The largest single cohort, 12,455,361 Korean adults examined in 2001 to 2004 and followed to 2013, found a J-shaped curve with the lowest all-cause mortality at 80 to 94 mg/dL regardless of sex and age; hazard ratios began to rise at around 95 to 100 and again from around 80 downward. Within the impaired-fasting-glucose range, each 18 mg/dL increase carried 30 to 32 percent higher mortality in adults under 45 but 10 percent in those over 75. In 1,197,384 Korean adults followed for a mean of 16 years, cardiovascular risk was lowest at 85 to 99 with a nadir near 90, and a fasting glucose below 70 carried a small but significant excess of stroke (hazard ratios 1.06 in men and 1.11 in women).13,14Grade B

The low end is not benign in the older cohorts either. Among 40,069 adults at the Cooper Clinic, fasting glucose below 70 mg/dL carried 3.3 times, and 70 to 79 carried 2.4 times, the cardiovascular mortality of 80 to 109 after multivariate adjustment, and all-cause mortality rose in parallel. In the pooled European DECODE cohorts of 25,364 adults, mortality rose with the 2-hour glucose after a glucose load within every fasting category, which means a normal fasting value does not exclude the post-meal abnormality that carried most of the excess risk.15,16Grade B

Some of the glucose-heart link appears causal rather than a bystander effect. In a Mendelian randomization analysis of 133,010 people for fasting glucose and 63,746 coronary cases, 12 variants that raise fasting glucose without raising diabetes risk carried 1.43 times the odds of coronary artery disease per 18 mg/dL (1 mmol/L), and 1.33 after excluding variants that act through lipids, blood pressure or obesity.17Grade B

05 · What moves it

The levers with evidence behind them.

What is listed here has been tested. The size of each effect, and the size of the study, are in the sentence, so a small effect reads as a small effect.

  • Weight loss of about 7 percent with 150 minutes a week of activity

    lowers progression to diabetes by more than half

    In the Diabetes Prevention Program, 3,234 adults with elevated fasting and post-load glucose were randomized to placebo, a glucose-lowering medication or a lifestyle program aiming at 7 percent weight loss and 150 minutes of weekly activity. Over an average of 2.8 years, diabetes incidence was 11.0, 7.8 and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years: lifestyle cut it by 58 percent and the medication by 31 percent, and 6.9 people had to take part for three years to prevent one case. In the Da Qing trial, 577 Chinese adults with impaired glucose tolerance randomized to six years of diet or exercise counseling had 43 percent lower diabetes incidence over 20 years, though cardiovascular events and mortality did not differ significantly.18,19Grade A

  • Exercise, including interval training

    lowers fasting glucose in people at risk

    A meta-analysis of 50 studies found that high-intensity interval training reduced insulin resistance compared with no exercise (standardized mean difference -0.49) and lowered hemoglobin A1c by 0.19 percentage points; in participants at risk of or with type 2 diabetes it lowered fasting glucose by about 17 mg/dL (0.92 mmol/L) versus control. In people with normal glucose the fasting value itself changed little, which fits a marker that sits at the end of the chain.20Grade A

  • Sleep

    short or broken sleep raises diabetes risk

    Pooling 10 prospective studies of 107,756 adults followed for 4 to 32 years, sleeping 5 to 6 hours or less carried 1.28 times the risk of type 2 diabetes, difficulty falling asleep 1.57 times and difficulty staying asleep 1.84 times; sleeping more than 8 to 9 hours also carried higher risk (1.48). These are cohort associations, not trials.21Grade B

  • Stress, illness and the dawn effect

    raise it temporarily

    Acute illness raises glucose through stress hormones, a state defined by its resolution once the illness passes, so a fasting value drawn during or soon after an infection, injury or surgery does not describe baseline. Glucose also climbs before waking: in 248 people with type 2 diabetes on continuous monitoring, the median rise from the overnight low to the pre-breakfast value was 16 mg/dL. The size of that dawn rise in people without diabetes has not been as well measured.22,23Grade C

06 · Reading it well

Caveats, and what belongs with a physician.

A single fasting glucose is less noisy than most metabolic markers but not precise. In 685 US adults tested twice about 2 weeks apart, the within-person coefficient of variation was 5.7 percent for fasting glucose, against 16.7 percent for the 2-hour post-load glucose and 3.6 percent for hemoglobin A1c; only 70 percent of people at 126 or higher on the first draw were still there on the second. The laboratory guideline puts the 95 percent band around a true value of 126 at about 110 to 142, which is why a diagnosis needs a repeat and why a change of a few points between draws means little.24,2Grade A

The tube matters. Red and white cells keep consuming glucose after the draw at about 5 to 7 percent (roughly 10 mg/dL) an hour at room temperature, and sodium fluoride alone does not stop it for up to 4 hours; in a Quest Diagnostics study, glucose fell 4.6 percent at 2 hours in fluoride-oxalate tubes but 0.3 percent in acidified citrate-fluoride tubes. The guideline asks for the sample to sit in an ice-water slurry and be separated within 30 minutes, or for citrate tubes. A draw that sat at room temperature can read several points low.2,25Grade A

Fasting duration matters less than expected, other things more. In 28,024 German primary-care patients, mean glucose differed by only about 2 mg/dL (0.1 mmol/L) between people fasting 8 hours or more and those fasting less, and after 3 hours the difference had shrunk to about 1.4 mg/dL (0.08 mmol/L); age, time of day, physical activity and spirits consumed the day before moved the value more.26Grade C

A normal fasting glucose can hide a high fasting insulin and an abnormal post-meal curve. Insulin sensitivity was already falling 5 years before diagnosis in Whitehall II while fasting glucose moved slowly, and in DECODE the excess mortality attached to the 2-hour glucose within each fasting category. Fasting glucose is best read beside fasting insulin, triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c and waist size.3,16,4Grade B

See a physician

  • A fasting glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher on any draw, or 100 to 125 on two draws, which calls for confirmation and a plan rather than a watchful wait.
  • A low glucose with shakiness, sweating, confusion or palpitations that improve with eating, the pattern the hypoglycemia guideline asks to be evaluated.
  • Increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision or unexplained weight loss, whatever the fasting number.
  • Any glucose result during pregnancy, or while taking steroids, antipsychotics or other medications that raise blood sugar.
  • A fasting glucose that has climbed steadily across repeated draws from the same laboratory, even inside the normal range.

This page is education, not individual medical advice, and reading it creates no physician-patient relationship.

07 · Open questions

What the literature does not settle.

  • No randomized trial has moved healthy adults from a high-normal to a low-normal fasting glucose and measured outcomes; the thresholds on this page describe where risk sat in cohorts, not a tested goal.
  • The diabetes cohorts place the lowest risk below about 85 to 87 mg/dL while the mortality cohorts place it at about 80 to 94, and the oldest data show excess cardiovascular mortality at 70 to 79. Whether a value in the 70s is protective, neutral or a marker of frailty and illness is unresolved; the J-shape at the low end may be reverse causation.
  • Nearly all of the cohorts are of men, young Israelis, Koreans or white Europeans and Americans measured on older methods; how the absolute cutoffs transfer across ancestry, sex and age is only partly known, and the Korean data suggest the mortality gradient is steeper in younger adults.
  • Whether the 1-hour post-load glucose or continuous glucose monitoring in people without diabetes adds useful prognostic information to a fasting value is under active study, with no agreed thresholds for routine use.
  • How large the dawn rise is in people without diabetes, and whether a 7 a.m. draw and a 10 a.m. draw should be read on the same scale, has not been settled.

08 · In practice

How Dr. Tagge reads it in his own practice.

I like to see fasting glucose in the 70s to the mid 80s, and I read it beside fasting insulin, triglycerides and hemoglobin A1c rather than on its own. The ceiling is where the diabetes cohorts found risk beginning to rise. The floor is my judgment: the mortality data are quiet in the low 80s and less so in the 70s, so a value in the 70s earns a look at how the person feels and what else is moving, not a cheer. One high draw earns a repeat on a well-handled sample before it earns a label.

A practice judgment, labeled as one (Grade D): it is how one physician reads the number for the people he cares for, not a recommendation for you.

09

Questions

10 · Sources

26 sources, read in full.

Numbered in the order they appear. Each line says what this page relies on from the paper; the link opens the record at PubMed or the publisher.

  1. 1.

    American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026. PMID 41358893. DOI 10.2337/dc26-S002.

    Guideline · Diabetes at fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL or higher after at least 8 hours without calories; impaired fasting glucose 100 to 125; two abnormal results required absent unequivocal hyperglycemia.

  2. 2.

    Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, et al.. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2023. PMID 37471273. DOI 10.2337/dci23-0036.

    Guideline · Glycolysis lowers sample glucose 5 to 7 percent an hour; plasma reads about 11 percent above whole blood; within-person CV 4.8 percent puts the band around 126 at 110 to 142.

  3. 3.

    Tabák AG, Jokela M, Akbaraly TN, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Witte DR. Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study. Lancet. 2009. PMID 19515410. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60619-X.

    Prospective cohort · Insulin sensitivity fell steeply 5 years before diagnosis; fasting glucose rose steeply only in the last 3 years, from 5.79 to 7.40 mmol/L.

  4. 4.

    Dankner R, Chetrit A, Shanik MH, Raz I, Roth J. Basal-state hyperinsulinemia in healthy normoglycemic adults is predictive of type 2 diabetes over a 24-year follow-up: a preliminary report. Diabetes Care. 2009. PMID 19435961. DOI 10.2337/dc09-0153.

    Prospective cohort · In 515 normoglycemic adults, top-quintile fasting insulin was the strongest independent predictor of dysglycemia 24 years later.

  5. 5.

    Shah VN, DuBose SN, Li Z, et al.. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles in Healthy Nondiabetic Participants: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2019. PMID 31127824. DOI 10.1210/jc.2018-02763.

    Prospective cohort · In 153 healthy people, mean sensor glucose was 98 to 99 mg/dL (104 over age 60), 96 percent of time between 70 and 140, 1.1 percent below 70.

  6. 6.

    Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, et al.. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009. PMID 19088155. DOI 10.1210/jc.2008-1410.

    Guideline · Evaluate hypoglycemia only when Whipple's triad is documented: symptoms, a low measured plasma glucose, and relief when glucose is raised.

  7. 7.

    Tirosh A, Shai I, Tekes-Manova D, et al.. Normal fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes in young men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005. PMID 16207847. DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa050080.

    Prospective cohort · Among 13,163 young men with fasting glucose below 100, diabetes risk rose progressively from 87 mg/dL upward versus below 81.

  8. 8.

    Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB. Normal fasting plasma glucose and risk of type 2 diabetes diagnosis. American Journal of Medicine. 2008. PMID 18501234. DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.026.

    Prospective cohort · In 46,578 adults below 100 mg/dL, each mg/dL raised diabetes risk 6 percent; 95 to 99 carried 2.33 times the risk of below 85.

  9. 9.

    Shaye K, Amir T, Shlomo S, Yechezkel S. Fasting glucose levels within the high normal range predict cardiovascular outcome. American Heart Journal. 2012. PMID 22795290. DOI 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.03.023.

    Prospective cohort · In 10,913 adults, fasting glucose 95 to 99 carried 1.53 times the cardiovascular event rate of below 80 over a mean 4.3 years.

  10. 10.

    Bjørnholt JV, Erikssen G, Aaser E, et al.. Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care. 1999. PMID 10333902. DOI 10.2337/diacare.22.1.45.

    Prospective cohort · In 1,973 healthy men, fasting whole-blood glucose above 85 mg/dL carried 1.4 times the adjusted cardiovascular mortality over 22 years.

  11. 11.

    Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration; Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, et al.. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010. PMID 20609967. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9.

    Systematic review and meta-analysis · Across 698,782 people, vascular risk was flat between 3.90 and 5.59 mmol/L; coronary hazard ratios 1.11 at 5.60 to 6.09 and 1.17 at 6.10 to 6.99.

  12. 12.

    Rao Kondapally Seshasai S, Kaptoge S, Thompson A, et al.; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011. PMID 21366474. DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1008862.

    Systematic review and meta-analysis · Across 820,900 people, fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL was associated with death; 70 to 100 was not.

  13. 13.

    Yi SW, Park S, Lee YH, Park HJ, Balkau B, Yi JJ. Association between fasting glucose and all-cause mortality according to sex and age: a prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports. 2017. PMID 28811570. DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-08498-6.

    Prospective cohort · In 12,455,361 Korean adults, all-cause mortality was lowest at 80 to 94 mg/dL regardless of sex and age, rising from about 95 to 100 and from about 80 downward.

  14. 14.

    Park C, Guallar E, Linton JA, et al.. Fasting glucose level and the risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes Care. 2013. PMID 23404299. DOI 10.2337/dc12-1577.

    Prospective cohort · In 1,197,384 Koreans over 16 years, cardiovascular risk was lowest at 85 to 99 with a nadir near 90; below 70 carried hazard ratios of 1.06 (men) and 1.11 (women) for stroke.

  15. 15.

    Wei M, Gibbons LW, Mitchell TL, Kampert JB, Stern MP, Blair SN. Low fasting plasma glucose level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Circulation. 2000. PMID 10790345. DOI 10.1161/01.cir.101.17.2047.

    Prospective cohort · In 40,069 adults, fasting glucose below 70 carried 3.3 times, and 70 to 79 carried 2.4 times, the cardiovascular mortality of 80 to 109.

  16. 16.

    DECODE Study Group, European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet. 1999. PMID 10466661.

    Prospective cohort · In 25,364 Europeans, mortality rose with 2-hour glucose within every fasting-glucose category; fasting glucose alone did not identify the excess risk.

  17. 17.

    Merino J, Leong A, Posner DC, et al.. Genetically Driven Hyperglycemia Increases Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Separately From Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017. PMID 28298470. DOI 10.2337/dc16-2625.

    Mendelian randomization · Twelve fasting-glucose-raising variants carried 1.43 times the odds of coronary disease per 1 mmol/L, 1.33 after removing pleiotropic variants, without raising diabetes risk.

  18. 18.

    Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002. PMID 11832527. DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa012512.

    Randomized trial · In 3,234 adults with elevated glucose, lifestyle cut diabetes incidence 58 percent and the medication arm 31 percent over 2.8 years; 6.9 needed to treat.

  19. 19.

    Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al.. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008. PMID 18502303. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60766-7.

    Randomized trial · Six years of lifestyle intervention in 577 adults lowered diabetes incidence 43 percent over 20 years; cardiovascular events and mortality did not differ significantly.

  20. 20.

    Jelleyman C, Yates T, O'Donovan G, et al.. The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2015. PMID 26481101. DOI 10.1111/obr.12317.

    Systematic review and meta-analysis · Across 50 studies, interval training reduced insulin resistance (SMD -0.49) and, in people at risk of or with diabetes, fasting glucose by 0.92 mmol/L.

  21. 21.

    Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010. PMID 19910503. DOI 10.2337/dc09-1124.

    Systematic review and meta-analysis · Across 107,756 adults, short sleep carried relative risk 1.28, long sleep 1.48, trouble falling asleep 1.57 and trouble staying asleep 1.84 for type 2 diabetes.

  22. 22.

    Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009. PMID 19465235. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60553-5.

    Review · Stress hyperglycemia is defined as hyperglycemia that resolves spontaneously once acute illness passes.

  23. 23.

    Monnier L, Colette C, Dejager S, Owens D. Magnitude of the dawn phenomenon and its impact on the overall glucose exposure in type 2 diabetes: is this of concern?. Diabetes Care. 2013. PMID 24170753. DOI 10.2337/dc12-2127.

    Cross-sectional study · In 248 people with type 2 diabetes on continuous monitoring, the median dawn rise from overnight nadir to pre-breakfast glucose was 16 mg/dL.

  24. 24.

    Selvin E, Crainiceanu CM, Brancati FL, Coresh J. Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007. PMID 17646610. DOI 10.1001/archinte.167.14.1545.

    Laboratory method study · Within-person CV about 2 weeks apart: 5.7 percent for fasting glucose, 16.7 percent for 2-hour glucose, 3.6 percent for HbA1c; 70.4 percent of values at 126 or higher repeated there.

  25. 25.

    Gambino R, Piscitelli J, Ackattupathil TA, et al.. Acidification of blood is superior to sodium fluoride alone as an inhibitor of glycolysis. Clinical Chemistry. 2009. PMID 19282354. DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2008.121707.

    Laboratory method study · Glucose fell 4.6 percent at 2 hours in fluoride-oxalate tubes versus 0.3 percent in citrate-fluoride-EDTA tubes; fluoride alone takes up to 4 hours to stop glycolysis.

  26. 26.

    Moebus S, Göres L, Lösch C, Jöckel KH. Impact of time since last caloric intake on blood glucose levels. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2011. PMID 21822717. DOI 10.1007/s10654-011-9608-z.

    Cross-sectional study · In 28,024 adults, glucose differed by about 0.1 mmol/L between fasting 8 hours or more and less; after 3 hours the difference was 0.07 to 0.08 mmol/L.

Related

Keep reading.

Reading a number well is the start of the work, not the end of it. If you would like a physician to read yours over time, Explore working with Dr. Tagge.